Education

Lean had its origin in the Toyota Production System (TPS) and was based on the absolute elimination of waste (Shingo, 1981; Zhang, 2014). By implementing Lean, organisations are able to save costs and increase the speed of operations (Sohal and Egglestone, 1994; Claycomb et al., 1999; Motwani, 2003; Antony, 2011). Traditionally, Lean and Six Sigma are practiced separately, but in recent years, they have been implemented together in some organisations; this integrated approach is called “Lean Six Sigma” (Antony et al., 2003; Pojasek, 2003). Because Lean and Six Sigma have different focuses and address different process issues, implementing them together can enhance business performance to the extent not achievable through the implementation of either one alone (Pojasek, 2003; Polk, 2011) Lean logistics In practice, there can be nine logistic area pointed out in which the typical losses for Lean can occur. These are: logistics service and customer support, forecasting demand and